Fallacy of the true Scotsman

The true Scotsman's fallacy occurs when someone tries to deflect criticism from their argument, which takes the form of a generalization. According to this fallacious reasoning, any example that would serve as evidence contradicting the initial generalization is automatically dismissed as unrepresentative.

In other words, error arises when someone tries to defend their ingroup against criticism (ingroup bias) by excluding members who disagree with the ingroup. In other words, instead of accepting that some members may think or act unpleasantly, we view those members as impostors.

In its fundamental form, error concerns the relationship between a universal generalization and a case that disagrees with that generalization.

A universal generalization would be "all X are Y", where X can be any group membership and Y can be any quality or characteristic.

A counterexample would be “some X are not Y”.

Logically, if you claim that all X's are Y's and someone finds an

Under the fallacy of no real Scotsman, instead of accepting this, you deny that this specific X was ever a member of the group. This is achieved by emphasizing that we are only talking about “authentic” examples of the group in question, whatever that may be.

It is important to note that arguments like “no true X would do Y” are not always fallacious. When there is a universally accepted definition, such statements are valid.

For example, if someone claims to be vegan but eats cheese, then it is legitimate to say that this person is not a "real" vegan because the definition of veganism involves not consuming animal products.