{"id":925,"date":"2024-04-13T20:01:24","date_gmt":"2024-04-13T18:01:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/?page_id=925"},"modified":"2024-04-13T20:39:57","modified_gmt":"2024-04-13T18:39:57","slug":"raisonnement-circulaire","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/raisonnement-circulaire\/","title":{"rendered":"Circular reasoning"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"925\" class=\"elementor elementor-925\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9284969 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9284969\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element 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data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Page contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/raisonnement-circulaire\/#Erreur_de_raisonnement_circulaire\" >Circular reasoning fallacy<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/raisonnement-circulaire\/#Cause\" >Cause<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/raisonnement-circulaire\/#Exemples\" >Examples<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/raisonnement-circulaire\/#Comment_eviter_de_faire_une_erreur_de_raisonnement_circulaire\" >How to avoid making a circular reasoning error?<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Erreur_de_raisonnement_circulaire\"><\/span>Circular reasoning fallacy<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b19d2d7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b19d2d7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-71c52cb\" data-id=\"71c52cb\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba72788 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba72788\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The fallacy of circular reasoning is an argument that assumes that what it is trying to prove is true. Instead of providing evidence, he simply repeats the <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-conclusion\/\">conclusion<\/a>, making the argument logically incoherent.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-49 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-150x150.png\" alt=\"raisonnement circulaire\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-70x70.png 70w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-41ec8e0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"41ec8e0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c07dc67\" data-id=\"c07dc67\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2336c35 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2336c35\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Cause\"><\/span>Cause<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-f579875 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"f579875\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-159e013\" data-id=\"159e013\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f44fc5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0f44fc5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>People may unintentionally commit circular reasoning error because they are convinced of their own assumptions and take them as given. Sometimes circular reasoning is deliberately used to mask the speaker&#039;s lack of understanding or evidence.<\/p><p>An argument consists of one or more statements (premise) and an assertion (conclusion). A premise is any reason or evidence that supports the conclusion of the argument. In a good argument, we say that a conclusion follows from the premise. In other words, it is supported by the evidence presented in the premise.<\/p><p>In a circular argument, the same <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ecrire-une-proposition-de-recherche\/\">proposal<\/a> appears both as a premise and as a conclusion: the argument is valid. However, self-validation is bad reasoning: the assertion of an argument must be supported by actual evidence.<\/p><p>A circular reasoning fallacy consists of an argument that begins with a premise (A) and moves to a conclusion (B), where A is logically equivalent to B, explicitly or implicitly. In other words, both the premise and the conclusion rely on the truth of the other:<\/p><p>A is true, because B is true<br \/>B is true, because A is true<\/p><p>At the end of a circular reasoning fallacy, the argument will have come full circle, without having actually proven anything. He will use the fact that A can prove B and vice versa. This happens because the speaker already believes the statement to be true.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7e75670 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7e75670\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-72ea0ae\" data-id=\"72ea0ae\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4090ac6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4090ac6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemples\"><\/span>Examples<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-5a09875 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"5a09875\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0b3a69c\" data-id=\"0b3a69c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2aea5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2aea5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Simply assuming that a statement is true does not serve as evidence to support that statement. The weakness of such arguments is particularly evident in certain cases: \u201cX is true. The proof of this statement is that X is true.<\/p><p>Circular reasoning fallacy in politics<\/p><p>\u201cOnly an untrustworthy person would run for president. The fact that politicians are not trustworthy is proof of that.\u201d<\/p><p>This claim relies on its own premise (i.e., \u201cpoliticians are untrustworthy\u201d) to support its conclusion that only an untrustworthy person would run for president.<\/p><p>Although good arguments can be found for the existence of God, people often resort to circular reasoning due to their own deeply held beliefs, which they assume to be self-evident.<\/p><p>Circular reasoning error in religion<\/p><p>Person 1: \u201cGod must exist. &quot; (HAS)<\/p><p>Person 2: \u201cHow do you know?\u201d \u00bb<\/p><p>Person 1: \u201cBecause that\u2019s what the Bible says.\u201d \u00bb (B)<\/p><p>Person 2: \u201cWhy should I believe the Bible?\u201d \u00bb<\/p><p>Person 1: \u201cBecause it is God\u2019s divine work.\u201d &quot; (VS)<\/p><p>In the argument structure above, note that the premises depend on each other for their validity:<\/p><p>Statement A is true because of B.<br \/>Statement B is true because of C.<br \/>Statement C is true because of A.<\/p><p>this is <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-problematique\/\">problematic<\/a> for A is both a reason supporting the argument and is itself supported by the argument, forming a circle.<\/p><p>Circular reasoning is usually (but not always) fallacious.<\/p><p>Fallacious argument from circular reasoning<\/p><p>Reporter: \u201cPlease explain the current economic recession. \u00bb<\/p><p>Economist: \u201cA lot of people are leaving the state. For example, the situation is very bad in the construction sector, because there is no need for new housing.\u201d<\/p><p>Reporter: \u201cWhy are people leaving the state? \u00bb<\/p><p>Economist: \u201cBecause the economy is depressed. People can&#039;t find jobs given how slow the economy is right now.\u201d<\/p><p>Here, the sequence of <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-les-questions-scientifiques\/\">questions<\/a> and answers has come full circle: the economy is in bad shape because people are leaving, and people are leaving because of the bad economy.<\/p><p>On the one hand, this seems like an example of circular reasoning. On the other hand, the circularity of this argument is due to the way things work in real life: if people leave, things get worse. And if the situation gets worse, even more people leave. So this is not an error.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c3bcb23 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c3bcb23\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e64b161\" data-id=\"e64b161\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-55e834e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"55e834e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comment_eviter_de_faire_une_erreur_de_raisonnement_circulaire\"><\/span>How to avoid making a circular reasoning error?<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d01b83a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d01b83a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0ff6371\" data-id=\"0ff6371\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43d9a1e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"43d9a1e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Form your hypotheses and change them to letters (A, B, C, etc.). By rewriting your text with the letters, you will quickly see if you are using circular reasoning.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Data Science Circular Reasoning Fallacy The circular reasoning fallacy is an argument that assumes that what it... <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-925","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/925","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=925"}],"version-history":[{"count":4,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/925\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":931,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/925\/revisions\/931"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=925"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}