{"id":91,"date":"2023-07-22T20:13:37","date_gmt":"2023-07-22T18:13:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/?page_id=91"},"modified":"2024-02-02T09:14:54","modified_gmt":"2024-02-02T08:14:54","slug":"definir-la-methode-scientifique","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/","title":{"rendered":"Defining the scientific method"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"91\" class=\"elementor elementor-91\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-db90dba elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"db90dba\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ca99f13\" data-id=\"ca99f13\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8fc2b4e elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8fc2b4e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Welcome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c8d2463\" data-id=\"c8d2463\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c4ff33 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5c4ff33\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-05f589f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"05f589f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d3d15b4\" data-id=\"d3d15b4\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85d41d4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"85d41d4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Page contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/#Comment_definir_sa_methode_scientifique\" >How to define your scientific method<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/#Definir_les_grandes_lignes\" >Define the main lines<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/#Pour_les_problemes_mathematiques\" >For math problems<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/#Quelles_donnees_choisir\" >Which data to choose<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/#Avoir_le_controle_sur_ses_donnees\" >Have control over your data<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/#Ecrire_la_proposition_de_recherche\" >Write the research proposal<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Comment_definir_sa_methode_scientifique\"><\/span>How to define your scientific method<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-a44487e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"a44487e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2db0c4b\" data-id=\"2db0c4b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d631449 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d631449\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-methodologie\/\">method<\/a> scientific is a practical framework to answer your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-les-questions-scientifiques\/\">questions<\/a> of research. Defining the scientific method involves making decisions about the type of data you need, the methods you will use to collect and analyze it, and where and for how long you will conduct your research. Please continue reading to understand the different scientific methods depending on your scientific field.<\/p><p>There are often many possible avenues to answer your questions. The decisions you make will be based in part on your priorities. For example, do you want to determine cause and effect, draw generalizable conclusions, or understand the details of a specific context?<\/p><p>You need to decide whether you will use primary or secondary data and qualitative or quantitative methods. You should also determine the specific tools, procedures, and materials you will use to collect and analyze your data, as well as your criteria for selecting participants or sources.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ac33111 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ac33111\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-78319d5\" data-id=\"78319d5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-082ed01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"082ed01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definir_les_grandes_lignes\"><\/span>Define the main lines<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8b29cb4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8b29cb4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-04627f5\" data-id=\"04627f5\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4a7751 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4a7751\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As you begin planning a research project, developing research questions, and creating a research plan, you will need to make various decisions about the type of research you want to conduct.<\/p><p>There are many ways to categorize different types of research. The words you use to describe your research depend on your discipline and field. In general, however, the form your research design takes will be shaped by:<\/p><ul><li>The type of knowledge you want to produce<\/li><li>The type of data you will collect and analyze<\/li><li>Sampling methods, timing and location of the research<\/li><\/ul><p>The first thing to consider is the type of knowledge your research aims to provide.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-97 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/researchdesign.png\" alt=\"m\u00e9thode scientifique\" width=\"718\" height=\"533\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/researchdesign.png 718w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/researchdesign-300x223.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 718px) 100vw, 718px\" \/><\/p><p>The scientific method is a framework for planning your research and answering your research questions.<\/p><p>Creating a research plan means making decisions about:<\/p><ul><li>The type of data you need<\/li><li>Location and duration of the research<\/li><li>Participants and sources<\/li><li>Variables and assumptions (if applicable)<\/li><li>Data collection and analysis methods<\/li><\/ul><p>The scientific method defines the parameters of your project: it determines exactly what will be included and what will not be included. It also defines the criteria by which you will evaluate your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/\">results<\/a> and draw your conclusions. The reliability and validity of your study depends on how you collect, measure, analyze and interpret your data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-71f98f2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"71f98f2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fc5a048\" data-id=\"fc5a048\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a8d9ee elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5a8d9ee\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Pour_les_problemes_mathematiques\"><\/span>For math problems<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-628b978 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"628b978\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5489c99\" data-id=\"5489c99\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-42fac52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"42fac52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p class=\"has-text-align-justify\">When faced with a problem related to<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/aide-a-la-decision\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">help with the decision<\/a>, the first (and most important) step is to analyze the problem in order to construct one\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/aide-a-la-decision\/modelisation-mathematique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mathematical model<\/a>. This model responds to a reflection process called \u201cscientific method\u201d which consists of five steps:<\/p><ol><li><em><strong>Aspects\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/logique-mathematique-27\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mathematics<\/a><\/strong><\/em>\u00a0: the analysis of the specifications allows us to identify the constraints and objectives of the models. The constraints and objectives must be able to<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-un-papier-scientifique\/\">to write<\/a> using algebra and logic.<\/li><li><em><strong>Modelization\u00a0<\/strong><\/em>: following the mathematical understanding of the problem, the modeling step consists of finding the best tool to represent the model. Among these tools, we can cite the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/theorie-des-graphes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">graph theory<\/a>, there\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/theorie-des-jeux\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">game theory<\/a>, there\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/programmation-lineaire\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">linear programming<\/a>, there\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/optimisation-combinatoire\/programmation-par-contraintes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">constraint programming<\/a>\u00a0etc.<\/li><li><strong><em>Analysis and resolution\u00a0<\/em><\/strong>: following the modeling, you must be able to analyze the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/algorithmique\/complexite-en-temps\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">complexity<\/a>\u00a0in time and space of the model after having modeled it from a point of view\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/algorithmique\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">algorithmic<\/a>.<\/li><li><strong><em>Implementation and results<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0: we must find the best way to implement the algorithm, whether in programming method or in language, in order to create the most relevant and efficient software possible.<\/li><li><strong><em>Deployment of solutions<\/em><\/strong>\u00a0: the last step consists of validating the model created by solving other problems of the same form as the original one.<\/li><\/ol><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-98 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The_Scientific_Method.jpg\" alt=\"m\u00e9thode scientifique\" width=\"364\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The_Scientific_Method.jpg 364w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/The_Scientific_Method-300x242.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 364px) 100vw, 364px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-451b41a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"451b41a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-abaf25e\" data-id=\"abaf25e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-574a3a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"574a3a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Quelles_donnees_choisir\"><\/span>Which data to choose<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-99dd1f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"99dd1f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad2e649\" data-id=\"ad2e649\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73fdd20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73fdd20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This is the type of data you will need to use. Knowledge creation and knowledge extraction depend greatly on your scientific field and the standards of the dedicated scientific method.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-99 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche6.png\" alt=\"m\u00e9thode scientifique\" width=\"639\" height=\"518\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche6.png 639w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche6-300x243.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 639px) 100vw, 639px\" \/><\/p><p>Here are some of the most used scientific methods.<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-100 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche7.png\" alt=\"m\u00e9thode scientifique\" width=\"791\" height=\"455\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche7.png 791w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche7-300x173.png 300w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/recherche7-768x442.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 791px) 100vw, 791px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-612d939 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"612d939\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-397c7d3\" data-id=\"397c7d3\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-746d779 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"746d779\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Avoir_le_controle_sur_ses_donnees\"><\/span>Have control over your data<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-088ee5a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"088ee5a\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5f04cdf\" data-id=\"5f04cdf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1358873 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1358873\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, you need to consider three closely related questions: How will you select research subjects or participants? When and how often will you collect data from your subjects? And where will the research take place?<\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-101 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/researchdesign2.png\" alt=\"m\u00e9thode scientifique\" width=\"731\" height=\"710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/researchdesign2.png 731w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/researchdesign2-300x291.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 731px) 100vw, 731px\" \/><\/p><p>Choosing between all of these different types of research is part of the process of creating your research design, which determines exactly how the research will be conducted. But the type of research is only the first step: then you need to make more concrete decisions about your research methods and study details.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-35ddaf0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"35ddaf0\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-30738fc\" data-id=\"30738fc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a891529 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a891529\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ecrire_la_proposition_de_recherche\"><\/span>Write the research proposal<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-30eba9e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"30eba9e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e2115b7\" data-id=\"e2115b7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba08965 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ba08965\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Now that you have determined the <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-problematique\/\">problematic<\/a>, the scientific obstacles and the method to follow, we will have to summarize and formalize all of that!<\/p><p>Finally, after completing these steps, you are ready to write a <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ecrire-une-proposition-de-recherche\/\">proposal<\/a> of research. The proposal describes the context, relevance, purpose and plan of your research.<\/p><p>In addition to describing the background, problem statement, and research questions, the proposal should also include a review of the <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etat-de-lart-scientifique\/\">literature<\/a> which shows how your project will fit into existing work on the topic.<\/p><p>You may need to have the proposal approved by your supervisor before you begin, and this will guide the process of writing your thesis or dissertation.<\/p><p>The research proposal must address the following points in order:<\/p><p>Why \u2013 the general aims and objectives (purpose) of the research.<\/p><p>What \u2013 the topic to be studied and the variables included.<\/p><p>Where \u2013 the location or setting of the study, i.e. where the data will be collected and to which entity the data will belong.<\/p><p>When \u2013 the time frame within which the data must be collected.<\/p><p>Who \u2013 the subject of the study and the population from which they will be selected. This population must be large enough to be able to make generalizations.<\/p><p>How \u2013 how the research is to be conducted, including a description of the research design (e.g. whether it is a <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-experimentale\/\">experimental research<\/a>, from qualitative research or from <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etude-de-cas\/\">case study<\/a>), of the <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/\">methodology<\/a>, research tools and analysis techniques.<\/p><p>Now you need to start doing an in-depth state of the art. To do this, you need to know how to do it and how to read a <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/lire-et-resume-un-papier-scientifique\/\">scientific paper<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Data Science How to define your scientific method The scientific method is a practical framework to answer your questions\u2026 <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-91","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=91"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":681,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/91\/revisions\/681"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=91"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}