{"id":47,"date":"2023-07-22T17:58:17","date_gmt":"2023-07-22T15:58:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/?page_id=47"},"modified":"2025-09-02T22:09:45","modified_gmt":"2025-09-02T20:09:45","slug":"cours-de-methodologie","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/","title":{"rendered":"Methodology Course"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"47\" class=\"elementor elementor-47\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-94f9ef7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"94f9ef7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7e9f41b\" data-id=\"7e9f41b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-775356a elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"775356a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Welcome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-937406a\" data-id=\"937406a\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2601a2 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d2601a2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4670c17 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4670c17\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c16582c\" data-id=\"c16582c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-89c6a12 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"89c6a12\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Page contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/#Recherche_Scientifique_et_Methodologie\" >Scientific Research and Methodology<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/#Supports_de_cours\" >Course materials<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/#Definition_de_la_recherche_scientifique\" >Definition of scientific research<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Recherche_Scientifique_et_Methodologie\"><\/span>Scientific Research and Methodology<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9673c3e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9673c3e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-441d125\" data-id=\"441d125\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f66185 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6f66185\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This page brings together the different courses and tutorials on scientific research and research methodology. Scientific research primarily refers to all actions undertaken with a view to producing and developing scientific knowledge. By metonymic extension, scientific research also designates the social, economic, institutional and legal framework of these actions.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-49 size-thumbnail\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-150x150.png\" alt=\"m\u00e9thodologie recherche scientifique\" width=\"150\" height=\"150\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-150x150.png 150w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-70x70.png 70w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/logo_sc-125x125.png 125w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 150px) 100vw, 150px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-578feef elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"578feef\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e4aed7\" data-id=\"3e4aed7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6b4b53e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6b4b53e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Supports_de_cours\"><\/span>Course materials<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2d2980c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2d2980c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b5d3497\" data-id=\"b5d3497\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-531a496 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"531a496\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Handbooks on project management, work packages and the use of AI for professionals<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8711\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8711\"><p><b><i>Research Community in France<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/PR7-Aparte.pdf\"><b>The Research Community<\/b><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>Basics of Research works + How Engineering uses it<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/research-work-for-engineers.pdf\"><b>Handbook of Research Work for Engineers<\/b><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>How to use LLM<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Prompt-Engineering-V2.pdf\"><b>Handbook on Prompt Engineering<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ingenierie-de-prompt-llm\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">101<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>Project Management<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Project-Management.pdf\"><b>Handbook on PM<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/specifications-du-projet\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Project Specifications<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/champ-operationnel\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Operational Scope<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/identification-des-methodes\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Method Identification<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/discussion-du-projet\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Discussion on Results<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rapport-de-projet\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Reporting<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>Make a Research Proposal (M1 only)<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-Define-a-problem-statement.pdf\"><b>Define a Problem Statement<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2-Read-a-scientific-paper.pdf\"><b>Read a scientific paper<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/3-Organize-your-findings.pdf\"><b>Organize our Findings<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Research-proposal.pdf\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Template of a Research Proposal<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.scimagojr.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Journal Rank Website<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/portal.core.edu.au\/conf-ranks\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conference Rank Website<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>How to Avoid Biases (M2 only)<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Bias-V2.pdf\"><b>Handbook on Bias<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-cognitifs\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cognitive biases<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-dinformation\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Information biases<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-dechantillonnage\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Sampling biases<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-scientifiques\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Other kinds of biases<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>Basics in Machine Learning (M2 only)<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/AI-Course.pdf\"><b>Handbook on AI<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Advanced AI<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>Deliverables (M1 only)<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/Work-Packages-V2.pdf\"><b>Handbook on WP<\/b><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><b><i>Scientific Writing<\/i><\/b><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/4-Write-your-report.pdf\"><b>Write the Report<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.overleaf.com\/read\/brnkxhxbdsgx#0508aa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Overleaf Template<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.overleaf.com\/learn\/latex\/Learn_LaTeX_in_30_minutes\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">LaTeX basics<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/preparer-son-papier-scientifique\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Prepare your scientific paper<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-un-papier-scientifique\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Write a scientific paper<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-un-abstract\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfecting an Abstract<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-une-introduction\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfecting an Introduction<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfecting a State of the Art<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-methodologie\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfecting the Methodology<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfecting the Results<\/span><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-conclusion\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Perfecting the Conclusion<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The basics, scientific design and state of the art<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8712\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"2\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8712\"><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-problematique\/\">Define the problem<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-les-questions-scientifiques\/\">Defining scientific questions<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/\">Define your method and scientific plan (experimental design)<\/a><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-descriptive\/\">Descriptive research<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-correlationnelle\/\"><strong>Correlational research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-experimentale\/\"><strong>Experimental research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-quasi-experimentale\/\"><strong>Quasi-experimental research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-transversale\/\"><strong>Cross-sectional research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-longitudinale\/\"><strong>Longitudinal research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-meta-analytique\/\"><strong>Meta-analytic research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etude-de-cas\/\"><strong>Case study<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-ethnographique\/\"><strong>Ethnographic research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-phenomenologique\/\"><strong>Phenomenological research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/theorie-a-base-empirique\/\"><b class=\"b5\">Theory <\/b><b class=\"b4\">has\u00a0<\/b><b class=\"b3\">base\u00a0<\/b><b class=\"b2\">empirical<\/b><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/analyse-de-contenu\/\"><strong>Content analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/recherche-action\/\"><strong>Action research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/recherche-orientee-par-la-conception\/\"><strong>Design-driven research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etat-de-lart-scientifique\/\">How to achieve a state of the art<\/a><\/strong><\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/references-craap\/\"><strong>How to find CRAAP references and method<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/lire-et-resume-un-papier-scientifique\/\">How to read and summarize a scientific paper<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Critical thinking, Skepticism, Fallacious arguments, Scientific biases<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8713\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"3\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8713\"><p>There <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/pensee-critique-et-recherche\/\">critical thinking<\/a> :<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/pensee-critique-et-recherche\/\">Introduction to Critical Thinking<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/pensee-critique-et-processus-de-recherche\/\">Critical thinking in the research process<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/pratiques-de-la-pensee-critique\/\">Tools and techniques and critical thinking<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/pensee-critique-et-ethique\/\">Critical thinking and ethics<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/pensee-critique-et-zetetique\/\"><strong>Critical Thinking and Skepticism<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>The fallacious arguments:<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/erreur-ecologique\/\">Ecological error<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/erreur-du-cout-irrecuperable\/\">Sunk Cost Fallacy<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/erreur-du-taux-de-base\/\">Base Rate Error\/Forgot Base Rate<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/homme-de-paille\/\"><strong>Straw man fallacy<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/argumentum-ad-populum\/\"><strong>Error of the people\/Argumentum ad populum<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/hareng-rouge\/\"><strong>Red herring error<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/erreur-de-la-pente-glissante\/\"><strong>Slippery slope error\/slippery slope error<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/argument-dautorite\/\"><strong>Argument from authority<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/argumentum-ad-passiones\/\">Emotional argument\/Argumentum ad passiones<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/petition-de-principe\/\">Petition of principle\/Which is the chicken and the egg<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/raisonnement-circulaire\/\"><strong>Circular reasoning<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/faux-dilemme\/\"><strong>Fallacy of the false dilemma<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/equivocation\/\"><strong>Equivocation error<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/erreur-de-composition\/\">Fallacy of Composition\/Fallacy of Composition<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/fausse-cause\/\"><strong>False Cause Error\/Doubtful Cause<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/sophisme-genetique\/\"><strong>Genetic fallacy<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/generalisation-abusive\/\"><strong>Abusive generalization<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/non-sequitur\/\"><strong>Non sequitur\/non sequential error<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/sophisme-du-vrai-ecossais\/\"><strong>Fallacy of the true Scotsman<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/sophisme-post-hoc\/\"><strong>Post hoc fallacy\/Post hoc ergo propter hoc<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Scientific bias:<\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-cognitifs\/\">Cognitive Bias: anchoring bias, framing effect, actor-observer bias, availability heuristic, confirmation bias, halo effect, Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, belief bias, affect heuristic, representativeness heuristic<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-dinformation\/\"><strong>Information bias: recall bias, observer bias, performance bias, regression to the mean<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-dechantillonnage\/\"><strong>Sampling bias: Self-selection bias, Non-response bias, Undercount bias, Survival bias, Pre-selection or advertising bias, Healthy user bias<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/biais-scientifiques\/\">Scientist Bias: Attrition Bias, Ceiling Effect, Demand Characteristics, Hawthorne Effect, Omitted Variable Bias, Placebo Effect, Publication Bias, Pygmalion Effect, Self-Fulfilling Prophecy<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">AI in research (CI\/CD)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8714\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"4\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8714\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/recherche-et-intelligence-artificielle\/\"><strong>Introduction and use cases of AI for scientific research<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etat-de-lart-et-intelligence-artificielle\/\"><strong>Conduct a state of the art\/literature review with the help of an AI<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/proposition-de-recherche-et-intelligence-artificielle\/\"><strong>Find the issues, scientific obstacles and openings for a research proposal with AI<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-avec-une-intelligence-artificielle\/\"><strong>Write a scientific article with the help of an AI for each step!<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>How to use prompts:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ingenierie-de-prompt-llm\/\"><strong>The Basics of Prompting<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/zero-shot-prompting\/\"><strong>Zero Shot Prompt<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/few-shot-prompting\/\">Few-Shot Prompt<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/chain-of-thought-prompting\/\"><strong>Chain-of-Thought Prompt<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/logicot-prompting\/\"><strong>LogiCoT<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/self-consistency\/\">Self-Consistency<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/least-to-most-prompting\/\"><strong>Least-to-Most Prompt<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/generated-knowledge-prompting\/\"><strong>Generated Knowledge Prompt<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/tree-of-toughts-prompting\/\"><strong>Tree of Thoughts Prompt<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/decomp\/\"><strong>DECOMP<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/active-prompting\/\"><strong>Active Prompt<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Writing a scientific document<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8715\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"5\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8715\"><p><span style=\"color: var( --e-global-color-text ); font-family: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-family ), Sans-serif; font-weight: var( --e-global-typography-text-font-weight );\">After reading the course on\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-problematique\/\">problematic<\/a>\u00a0and the state of the art, you must <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-un-papier-scientifique\/\">to write<\/a> your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ecrire-une-proposition-de-recherche\/\">Proposal<\/a> of research :<\/span><\/p><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ecrire-une-proposition-de-recherche\/\">Write a research proposal<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>If you are in a doctorate or master thesis (or already have a doctorate), here are methodologies for writing papers in conferences or journals:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/preparer-son-papier-scientifique\/\"><strong>Prepare your scientific paper (first drafts)<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-un-papier-scientifique\/\"><strong>Write a scientific paper (advanced state of drafts)<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-un-abstract\/\"><strong>Perfect the Abstract<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-une-introduction\/\"><strong>Perfect the introduction<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/\"><strong>Perfecting a state of the art<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-methodologie\/\"><strong>Perfect the methodology (Materials &amp; Methods)<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/\"><strong>Perfect the results and discussion<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-conclusion\/\"><strong>Perfect the conclusion<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Even if you are not a researcher, you may be asked to present work of the same type. You will also be required to present intelligence\/reports\/monitoring:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Write a scientific watch<\/strong><\/li><li><strong>Write a technology watch<\/strong><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Present your work<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8716\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"6\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8716\"><p>After publication, or during seminars or thesis monitoring, you will have to present your research work in several formats:<\/p><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/presenter-sa-proposition-de-recherche\/\"><strong>Submit a research proposal<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/presenter-son-etat-de-lart\/\"><strong>Present a problem with a literature review<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/presentation-orale-de-conference\/\"><strong>Make a conference presentation<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1oL7dnvrRyds3gmvrAX4tSrxYQO5f2-jT\/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=117109099133203889852&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Make a poster<\/a><\/li><\/ul><p>Popularization format:<\/p><ul><li>Write a press article<\/li><li>Write a conference article (<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-un-abstract\/\">abstract<\/a> 2-4 pages)<\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/3mt-presentation\/\">My thesis in 3 minutes (3MT)<\/a><\/strong><\/li><\/ul><p>Here is a general template for a research paper:<\/p><p><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/04\/Template___Full_paper___GG.pdf\" class=\"pdfemb-viewer\" style=\"\" data-width=\"max\" data-height=\"max\" data-toolbar=\"both\" data-toolbar-fixed=\"on\">Template___Full_paper___GG<\/a><\/p><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8717\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8717\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Technology watch<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8717\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"7\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8717\"><ul><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/veille-technologique-introduction\/\">Introduction to Technology Monitoring<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/prevision-technologique\/\">Introduction to Technology Forecasting<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/analyse-swot\/\">SWOT analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/analyse-pestle\/\">PESTLE analysis<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/analyse-des-risques\/\"><strong>Risk analysis<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/planification-de-scenarios\/\">Scenario Planning<\/a><\/strong><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/prevision-technologique-2\/\"><strong>Technology forecasting methods<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/collecter-des-donnees\/\"><strong>How to collect analytics data<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ecrire-veille-technologique\/\"><strong>Write a technology watch<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8718\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8718\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Industrial application (and project analysis)<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8718\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"8\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8718\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/specifications-du-projet\/\"><strong>Determine specifications<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/champ-operationnel\/\"><strong>Identify the operational field<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/identification-des-methodes\/\"><strong>Establish the methodology<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/discussion-du-projet\/\"><strong>From data to discussion<\/strong><\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rapport-de-projet\/\"><strong>Write a project report<\/strong><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-8719\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-8719\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">The world of research<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-8719\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"9\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-8719\"><ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1Cm_k-Yinm-E8kMyA01ydUFyiaMxPprc_\/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=117109099133203889852&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research in France<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1Cm_k-Yinm-E8kMyA01ydUFyiaMxPprc_\/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=117109099133203889852&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research professions<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1Cm_k-Yinm-E8kMyA01ydUFyiaMxPprc_\/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=117109099133203889852&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Research evaluation<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/presentation\/d\/1Cm_k-Yinm-E8kMyA01ydUFyiaMxPprc_\/edit?usp=sharing&amp;ouid=117109099133203889852&amp;rtpof=true&amp;sd=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Find an internship, a thesis<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2daa7d2 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2daa7d2\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-44412bf\" data-id=\"44412bf\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e848586 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e848586\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Definition_de_la_recherche_scientifique\"><\/span>Definition of scientific research<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-c0872f6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"c0872f6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-0728a0b\" data-id=\"0728a0b\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac69885 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ac69885\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research has been defined in different ways, and although there are similarities, there does not appear to be a single, overarching definition that is adopted by all who engage in it.<\/p><p>Research in simple terms is the search for knowledge and the search for truth. In the formal sense, it is a systematic study of a problem attacked by a deliberately chosen strategy which begins with the choice of an approach to prepare the master plan (design) by acting on it in terms of design hypotheses research, choice of <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-methodologie\/\">methods<\/a> and techniques, selection or development of data collection. tools, data processing, interpretation and ends with the presentation of the solution(s) to the problem.<\/p><p>Another definition of research is given by John W. Creswell, who states that &quot;research is a process of steps used to collect and analyze information to increase our understanding of a topic or problem.&quot; It consists of three steps: pose a <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-les-questions-scientifiques\/\">question<\/a>, collect data to answer the question and present an answer to the question.<\/p><p>The Merriam-Webster online dictionary defines research further as \u201can in-depth investigation or examination; in particular: an investigation or experiment aimed at the discovery and interpretation of facts, the revision of accepted theories or laws in the light of new facts, or the practical application of such new or revised theories or laws\u201d<\/p><p>Scientific research covers very heterogeneous realities.<\/p><p>The Frascati manual, to satisfy statistical needs, defines several types of research:<\/p><ul><li>Fundamental research, undertaken primarily (but not always exclusively) with the aim of producing new knowledge regardless of application prospects.<\/li><li>Applied research, which is directed toward a practical goal or objective.<\/li><li>Development activities (sometimes confused with technological research), which consists of the application of this knowledge for the manufacture of new materials, products or devices.<\/li><\/ul><p>We must also of course take care to distinguish between the different disciplinary sectors: research in philosophy is obviously very different from that in molecular biology or archaeology.<\/p><p>Depending on the different forms of research encountered, different kinds of standards and rules govern scientific practices.<\/p><p>These norms and rules are not always legal. The sociology of science thus reports the existence of norms specific to the scientific field.<\/p><p>The different forms of research are also distinguished by the different \u201ctechnical\u201d standards that guide intellectual activity. It is the object of regional epistemologies to analyze and understand these local epistemic imperatives. Likewise, the \u201c\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-methode-scientifique\/\">scientific method<\/a>\u00a0\u00bb is not there even according to different search regimes.<\/p><p>Research obviously aims to produce scientific knowledge. But this knowledge can take various forms: it can be publications, reports, patents, oral communications, etc.<\/p><p>Finally, this knowledge can be incorporated into new machines, instruments or devices. These are all these products which, by being disseminated within the scientific community, allow the researcher to be recognized by his peers, and to receive in return the means necessary to continue his work.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Data Science Scientific Research and Methodology This page brings together the different courses and tutorials on scientific research and\u2026 <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-47","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=47"}],"version-history":[{"count":325,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2169,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47\/revisions\/2169"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=47"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}