{"id":246,"date":"2023-07-23T11:00:46","date_gmt":"2023-07-23T09:00:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/?page_id=246"},"modified":"2024-02-02T09:38:40","modified_gmt":"2024-02-02T08:38:40","slug":"parfaire-la-section-resultats","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/","title":{"rendered":"Perfect the results section"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"246\" class=\"elementor elementor-246\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-85f53e6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"85f53e6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-741dfe7\" data-id=\"741dfe7\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ae95b19 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"ae95b19\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Welcome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-377910e\" data-id=\"377910e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f69a8c4 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f69a8c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0139217 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0139217\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b0c4c5e\" data-id=\"b0c4c5e\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d255c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d255c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Writing the results (the section) is where you report the main findings from the data collection and analysis you carried out for your thesis or dissertation. You must report all relevant information concisely and objectively, in a logical order. Do not include subjective interpretations of why you found these results or what they mean \u2013 any evaluation should be saved for the discussion section.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone size-medium wp-image-723\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Perceptions_of_scientific_research_literature-300x257.png\" alt=\"r\u00e9sultats et discussion\" width=\"300\" height=\"257\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Perceptions_of_scientific_research_literature-300x257.png 300w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Perceptions_of_scientific_research_literature-1024x878.png 1024w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Perceptions_of_scientific_research_literature-768x658.png 768w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Perceptions_of_scientific_research_literature-1536x1317.png 1536w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/Perceptions_of_scientific_research_literature-2048x1756.png 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9546e41 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9546e41\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-04ae82d\" data-id=\"04ae82d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d660841 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d660841\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Page contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#Ecrire_les_resultats_les_grandes_lignes\" >Write the results, the main points<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#Garder_une_trame_narrative\" >Maintain a narrative framework<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#Exemple\" >Example<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#La_discussion\" >The discussion<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#Resumer_et_interpreter_les_resultats\" >Summarize and interpret the results<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#Donner_les_limites\" >Give the limits<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-7\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/#Donner_une_ouverture\" >Give an opening<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Ecrire_les_resultats_les_grandes_lignes\"><\/span>Write the results, the main points<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0feee6c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0feee6c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-df6aa8d\" data-id=\"df6aa8d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1cc5208 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1cc5208\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The objectives of your Results section are:<\/p><ul><li>Describe and explain the data you obtained with your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-methodologie\/\">methods<\/a>, as objectively as possible and in a narrative form, and<\/li><li>To communicate a take-home message based on this data.<\/li><\/ul><p>While your figures give your readers the opportunity to directly examine your data and draw their own conclusions, the section offers more support for the data interpretation process by explaining the experimental logic, highlighting important features of the data and stating your conclusions.<\/p><p>Section success criteria:<\/p><ul><li>The data and conclusions drawn from them are described clearly and without speculation.<\/li><li>Data is presented in a narrative flow without logical breaks.<\/li><li>The story is based on a take-home message.<\/li><\/ul><div><div>Your results section should report your findings objectively, presenting only brief observations in relation to each question, hypothesis or theme.<\/div><div>\u00a0<\/div><div>It should not speculate on the meaning of the results or attempt to answer your main research question. Detailed interpretation of your results is more appropriate for your discussion section, while summarizing your results into an overall answer to your primary research question is best left for your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-conclusion\/\">conclusion<\/a>.<\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-236ea33 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"236ea33\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cf71529\" data-id=\"cf71529\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e05bdd7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e05bdd7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Garder_une_trame_narrative\"><\/span>Maintain a narrative framework<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-29e62a7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"29e62a7\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-05ad5db\" data-id=\"05ad5db\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c73d0c6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c73d0c6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A great way to find a narrative order for your results is to first organize your numbers. Before&#039;<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-un-papier-scientifique\/\">to write<\/a> your results, you should have decided on the set of figures that will be included in your article. Each figure should support a specific conclusion and provide the data the reader needs to evaluate that conclusion (see figures).<\/p><p>Rearrange your numbers until you have found an order that creates the most logical series of conclusions possible, leading to your final result. Use this series of figures\/conclusions as an outline of your results.<\/p><p>Each major conclusion (which can correspond to one or more numbers) can become the title of a subsection. This modular organization will help readers navigate your article by quickly matching numbers to results and vice versa.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d83c051 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d83c051\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c721711\" data-id=\"c721711\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4360f79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4360f79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemple\"><\/span>Example<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0571ab8 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0571ab8\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-3e68d97\" data-id=\"3e68d97\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b8c4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2b8c4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>If you have conducted quantitative research, you will likely be working with elements of some sort of statistical analysis.<\/p><p>Your section should report the results of any statistical tests you used to compare groups or assess relationships between variables. It must also indicate whether or not each hypothesis was supported.<\/p><p>The most logical way to structure quantitative results is to frame them around your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-les-questions-scientifiques\/\">questions<\/a> or research hypotheses. For each question or hypothesis, share:<\/p><p>A reminder of the type of analysis you used (for example, a two-sample t test or a\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/correlation-et-regressions\/transformation-des-donnees-et-regression\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">regression<\/a>\u00a0simple linear). A more detailed description of your analysis should be included in your section\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/\">methodology<\/a>.<\/p><p>A <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/lire-et-resume-un-papier-scientifique\/\">summary<\/a> concisely of each relevant result, both positive and negative. This can include all relevant descriptive statistics (e.g. means and standard deviations) as well as inferential statistics (e.g. t-scores, degrees of freedom and p-values). Remember that these numbers are often placed in parentheses.<\/p><p>A brief statement of how each result relates to the question, or whether the hypothesis was supported. You can briefly mention any results that did not match your expectations and assumptions, but keep any speculation about their meaning or consequences for your discussion and conclusion.<\/p><p>In quantitative research, it is often helpful to include visual elements such as graphs, charts, and tables, but only if they are directly relevant to your results. Give these elements clear, descriptive titles and labels so that your reader can easily understand what is being displayed. If you want to include other visual elements that are more tangential in nature, consider adding a list of figures and tables.<\/p><p>Generally :<\/p><ul><li>Tables are used to communicate exact values, giving a concise overview of different results<\/li><li>Graphs and charts are used to visualize trends and relationships, giving an at-a-glance illustration of key findings<\/li><\/ul><p>Be sure to also mention any tables and figures you used in your section text. Summarize or expand on specific aspects that you think your reader should know rather than just repeating the same numbers already stated.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-95ce2e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"95ce2e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-47cf77d\" data-id=\"47cf77d\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-713f11d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"713f11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"La_discussion\"><\/span>The discussion<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1f6c7e3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1f6c7e3\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5328268\" data-id=\"5328268\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c091ba4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c091ba4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The discussion section is where you delve deeper into the meaning, importance, and relevance of your findings. Writing the discussion allows you to focus on explaining and evaluating what you found, showing how it relates to your review of the <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etat-de-lart-scientifique\/\">literature<\/a> and presenting an argument to support your overall conclusion. This should not be a second results section.<\/p><p>There are different ways to write this section, but you can focus your writing around these key elements:<\/p><ul><li>Summary: a brief summary of your main results<\/li><li>Interpretations: What do your results mean?<\/li><li>Implications: Why are your results important?<\/li><li>Limitations: What can&#039;t your results tell us?<\/li><li>Recommendations: Areas for further study or analysis<\/li><\/ul><p>There is often overlap between your discussion and your conclusion, but they are usually separate sections. However, in some cases these two sections are combined.<\/p><p>If you are unsure of best practices in your field, consult sample essays in your field or your department&#039;s guidelines.<\/p><p>There are some common mistakes to avoid when writing the discussion section of your article.<\/p><ul><li>Do not introduce new results: you should only discuss data that you have already reported in your results section.<\/li><li>Don&#039;t make exaggerated claims: Avoid overinterpretation and speculation that are not directly supported by your data.<\/li><li>Don&#039;t undermine your research: discussion of limitations should be aimed at building credibility, not emphasizing weaknesses or failures.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6e13696 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6e13696\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9ace8bd\" data-id=\"9ace8bd\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f428d94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f428d94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Resumer_et_interpreter_les_resultats\"><\/span>Summarize and interpret the results<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0de0aca elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0de0aca\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-bc37b63\" data-id=\"bc37b63\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a442915 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a442915\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Begin this section by reiterating your research problem and concisely summarizing your main findings. Don&#039;t just repeat all the data you&#039;ve already reported, aim for a clear statement of the overall result that directly answers your main research question. This should be no more than one paragraph.<\/p><p>Many researchers are unaware of the differences between a discussion section and a results section. The crux of the matter is that your results sections should present your results, and your discussion section should evaluate them subjectively. Try not to mix elements of these two sections, in order to keep your paper neat.<\/p><p>The meaning of your results may seem obvious to you, but it is important to clarify what they mean to your reader, showing exactly how they answer your research question.<\/p><p>The form of your interpretations will depend on the type of research, but some typical approaches to data interpretation include:<\/p><ul><li>Identify correlations, patterns and relationships between data<\/li><li>Discuss whether the results met your expectations or supported your hypotheses<\/li><li>Contextualize your findings within previous research and theories<\/li><li>Explain unexpected results and assess their importance<\/li><li>Consider other possible explanations and argue your position<\/li><\/ul><p>You can organize your discussion around key themes, hypotheses or research questions, following the same structure as the results section. Alternatively, you can also start by highlighting the most significant or unexpected results.<\/p><p>In addition to giving your own interpretations, be sure to relate your findings to the academic work you examined in the literature review. The discussion should show how your findings correspond to existing knowledge, what new ideas they provide, and what consequences they have for theory or practice.<\/p><p>Ask yourself these questions:<\/p><ul><li>Do your results support or challenge existing theories?<\/li><li>If they support existing theories, what new information do they provide?<\/li><li>If they challenge existing theories, why do you think this is the case?<\/li><li>Are there any practical implications?<\/li><\/ul><p>Your overall goal is to show the reader exactly what your research yielded and why they should care.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-96ffd34 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"96ffd34\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-35e6d46\" data-id=\"35e6d46\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9943eaf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9943eaf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Donner_les_limites\"><\/span>Give the limits<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-ba55b2e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"ba55b2e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-a2cc369\" data-id=\"a2cc369\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3239f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3239f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Even the best research has its limits. Recognizing them is important to demonstrate your credibility. Limitations are not about listing your errors, but about providing an accurate picture of what can and cannot be concluded from your study.<\/p><p>Limitations may be due to your overall research design, specific methodological choices, or unforeseen obstacles that emerged during your research process.<\/p><p>You should only mention limitations directly related to your research objectives. Then, share the impact they had on achieving your research objectives.<\/p><p>Here are some common possibilities:<\/p><ul><li>If your sample size was small or limited to a specific group of people, explain how generalizability is limited.<\/li><li>If you encountered any problems during data collection or analysis, explain how these influenced the results.<\/li><li>If there are potential confounding variables that you were unable to control, recognize the effect they may have had.<\/li><\/ul><p>After noting the limitations, you can reiterate why the results are nonetheless valid in an effort to answer your research question.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4118bbd elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4118bbd\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d9ba7dc\" data-id=\"d9ba7dc\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3199e66 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3199e66\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Donner_une_ouverture\"><\/span>Give an opening<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8d97ccc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8d97ccc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-14777e8\" data-id=\"14777e8\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f2cfbec elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f2cfbec\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Based on the discussion of your results, you can make recommendations for practical implementation or further research. Sometimes the recommendations are saved for conclusion.<\/p><p>Suggestions for further research may arise directly from the limitations. Don&#039;t just say that more studies should be done, give concrete ideas for how future work can build on areas that your own research has not been able to address.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Data Science Write results (section) is where you report the main findings of the collection and... <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-246","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/246","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=246"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/246\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":726,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/246\/revisions\/726"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=246"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}