{"id":220,"date":"2023-07-23T10:44:32","date_gmt":"2023-07-23T08:44:32","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/?page_id=220"},"modified":"2024-02-02T07:38:41","modified_gmt":"2024-02-02T06:38:41","slug":"parfaire-letat-de-lart","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/","title":{"rendered":"Perfecting the state of the art"},"content":{"rendered":"<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"220\" class=\"elementor elementor-220\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-dd508b6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"dd508b6\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-692706c\" data-id=\"692706c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0942cb elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c0942cb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Welcome<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-50 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-beb80c2\" data-id=\"beb80c2\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-833be59 elementor-align-justify elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"833be59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/complex-systems-ai.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7bf030c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7bf030c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c378957\" data-id=\"c378957\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb7def6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bb7def6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>After understanding your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-la-problematique\/\">problematic<\/a>, issued your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/ecrire-une-proposition-de-recherche\/\">proposal<\/a> research, and designed your conceptual and mental maps, it is time to write a state of the art or literature review.<\/p><p><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-694 size-medium\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/27407734235_bc6b55778f_b-300x225.jpg\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art\" width=\"300\" height=\"225\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/27407734235_bc6b55778f_b-300x225.jpg 300w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/27407734235_bc6b55778f_b-768x576.jpg 768w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2024\/02\/27407734235_bc6b55778f_b.jpg 1024w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 300px) 100vw, 300px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2587680 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2587680\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b675001\" data-id=\"b675001\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8db5b9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c8db5b9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"ez-toc-container\" class=\"ez-toc-v2_0_82_2 counter-hierarchy ez-toc-counter ez-toc-grey ez-toc-container-direction\">\n<div class=\"ez-toc-title-container\">\n<p class=\"ez-toc-title\" style=\"cursor:inherit\">Page contents<\/p>\n<span class=\"ez-toc-title-toggle\"><a href=\"#\" class=\"ez-toc-pull-right ez-toc-btn ez-toc-btn-xs ez-toc-btn-default ez-toc-toggle\" aria-label=\"Toggle Table of Contents\"><span class=\"ez-toc-js-icon-con\"><span class=\"\"><span class=\"eztoc-hide\" style=\"display:none;\">Toggle<\/span><span class=\"ez-toc-icon-toggle-span\"><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" class=\"list-377408\" width=\"20px\" height=\"20px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" fill=\"none\"><path d=\"M6 6H4v2h2V6zm14 0H8v2h12V6zM4 11h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2zM4 16h2v2H4v-2zm16 0H8v2h12v-2z\" fill=\"currentColor\"><\/path><\/svg><svg style=\"fill: #999;color:#999\" class=\"arrow-unsorted-368013\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\" width=\"10px\" height=\"10px\" viewbox=\"0 0 24 24\" version=\"1.2\" baseprofile=\"tiny\"><path d=\"M18.2 9.3l-6.2-6.3-6.2 6.3c-.2.2-.3.4-.3.7s.1.5.3.7c.2.2.4.3.7.3h11c.3 0 .5-.1.7-.3.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7zM5.8 14.7l6.2 6.3 6.2-6.3c.2-.2.3-.5.3-.7s-.1-.5-.3-.7c-.2-.2-.4-.3-.7-.3h-11c-.3 0-.5.1-.7.3-.2.2-.3.5-.3.7s.1.5.3.7z\"\/><\/svg><\/span><\/span><\/span><\/a><\/span><\/div>\n<nav><ul class='ez-toc-list ez-toc-list-level-1' ><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-1\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/#Avant_decrire_un_etat_de_lart\" >Before writing a state of the art<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-2\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/#Introduction_de_la_litterature\" >Introduction to literature<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-3\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/#Structure_de_letat_de_lart\" >State-of-the-art structure<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-4\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/#Le_corps\" >The body<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-5\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/#Exemple_de_construction_detat_de_lart\" >Example of state-of-the-art construction<\/a><\/li><li class='ez-toc-page-1 ez-toc-heading-level-2'><a class=\"ez-toc-link ez-toc-heading-6\" href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-letat-de-lart\/#Conclure_votre_etat_de_lart\" >Conclude your state of the art<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/nav><\/div>\n<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Avant_decrire_un_etat_de_lart\"><\/span>Before writing a state of the art<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-45b93cc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"45b93cc\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4f8785c\" data-id=\"4f8785c\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f59f319 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f59f319\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>There are several reasons to do a literature review at the start of a research project:<\/p><ul><li>To familiarize yourself with the current state of knowledge on your subject<\/li><li>To make sure you&#039;re not just repeating what others have already done<\/li><li>Identify knowledge gaps and unresolved problems that your research can solve<\/li><li>To develop your theoretical framework and your\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/\">methodology<\/a><\/li><li>Give an overview of the main <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-section-resultats\/\">results<\/a> and debates on the subject<\/li><\/ul><p>Writing the literature review shows your reader how your work relates to existing research and what new insights it will provide.<\/p><p>To start organizing the argument and structure of your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/etat-de-lart-scientifique\/\">literature review<\/a>, you need to understand the connections and relationships between the sources you have read. Based on your readings and notes, you can search for:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Trends and patterns (in theory, <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-methodologie\/\">method<\/a> or results):<\/strong>\u00a0Do certain approaches become more or less popular over time?<\/li><li><strong>Themes:<\/strong>\u00a0what <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/definir-les-questions-scientifiques\/\">questions<\/a> or concepts come back in the literature?<\/li><li><strong>Debates, conflicts and contradictions:<\/strong>\u00a0where do the sources disagree?<\/li><li><strong>Pivotal publications:<\/strong>\u00a0Are there any influential theories or studies that have changed the direction of the field?<\/li><li><strong>Gaps:<\/strong>\u00a0what is missing from literature? Are there any weaknesses to correct?<\/li><\/ul><p>This step will help you develop the structure of your literature review and (where appropriate) show how your own research will contribute to existing knowledge.<\/p><p>Note that the literature review comes after the introduction in any article!<\/p><p>We will see later how <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/rediger-un-papier-scientifique\/\">write<\/a> your <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-une-introduction\/\">introduction<\/a> (you already get some tips in the previous lessons).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0d1d7c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0d1d7c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-853544f\" data-id=\"853544f\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a167cd0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a167cd0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Introduction_de_la_litterature\"><\/span>Introduction to literature<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3ba9def elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3ba9def\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9343229\" data-id=\"9343229\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad95e4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ad95e4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The introduction should clearly establish the direction and purpose of the literature review.<\/p><p><b>Review of thesis literature<\/b><\/p><p>If you are writing the literature review as part of your dissertation or thesis, repeat your central problem or research question and provide a brief <a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/lire-et-resume-un-papier-scientifique\/\">summary<\/a> scientific context. You can emphasize the topicality of the topic (&quot;many recent studies have focused on the problem of x&quot;) or point out a gap in the literature (&quot;although there has been a lot of research on x, few researchers have taken into consideration&quot;).<\/p><p><b>Literature review of an article<\/b><\/p><p>If you are writing a stand-alone article, provide background information on the topic and its importance, discuss the scope of the literature you will review (e.g., the time period of your sources), and state your purpose. What new perspective will you gain from literature?<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6eb73c1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6eb73c1\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-362a872\" data-id=\"362a872\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f876a3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f876a3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Structure_de_letat_de_lart\"><\/span>State-of-the-art structure<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-732f27d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"732f27d\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-137a300\" data-id=\"137a300\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c340a6f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c340a6f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>It&#039;s important to show that you know the most important research on your topic. A thorough literature review convinces the reader that your project has a solid foundation of existing knowledge or theory. It also shows that you&#039;re not just repeating what other people have already done or said.<\/p><p>In this section, aim to demonstrate exactly how your project will contribute to conversations in the field.<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\">Compare and contrast: what are the main theories, methods, debates and controversies?<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Be critical: what are the strengths and weaknesses of the different approaches?<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Show how your research fits into the framework: how will you develop, challenge or synthesize the work of others?<\/li><\/ul><p>If you&#039;re not sure where to start, read our guide on how to write a literature review.<\/p><p>By looking through the different sections of an article, you can try to find simple answers to \u201cWhat,\u201d \u201cHow,\u201d and \u201cWhy.\u201d Follow the list to understand what answers you should try to look for in each section of a research paper:<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\">Introduction:<ul><li aria-level=\"2\">What is the research question and how is the author trying to answer it?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">Does the author make an assumption in the introductory part?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Methods :<ul><li aria-level=\"2\">What type of methods were adopted?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">What was the sample size for data collection and how was it analyzed?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Results :<ul><li aria-level=\"2\">What were the most vital findings from the experiments carried out?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">Do the results confirm the hypothesis that was made?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Discussion\/Conclusion<ul><li aria-level=\"2\">What is the final solution to the research paper problem statement?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">What is the author&#039;s explanation for the results obtained?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">What is the inference drawn from the observations?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">What recommendations does the author make?<\/li><li aria-level=\"2\">What are the different limitations of the study carried out?<\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><p>Just like the abstract, the purpose of an abstract for the research paper will be to give the audience a brief overview of what this study says. You will need to find out what information is relevant and explain it briefly but completely.<\/p><p>All first drafts of your review articles should follow the order of the original article. The structure would look like this:<\/p><ul><li aria-level=\"1\">State the research question and explain why it is important.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Indicate the hypotheses that were tested.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Describe the methods in a few paragraphs (participants, design, procedure, materials, independent and dependent variables, how they analyzed the data)<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">Discuss the results and explain why they were significant.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">State what the main implications were and do not exaggerate the importance of their findings.<\/li><li aria-level=\"1\">The results and their interpretation must be directly linked to the hypothesis.<\/li><\/ul><p>This first draft of research paper abstract writing should focus on content rather than length. There is a good chance that further condensing will be necessary, but this will need to be done after several re-readings to condense the information that will be useful to you.<\/p><p>A very important step is your discussion of the article. Any research work can be interpreted differently depending on the researchers and the research context. Therefore, you must remain critical of the summary you provide. The last paragraph of your summary is therefore a critique or an interpolation of the paper in relation to your context and your problem.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7dbaac4 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7dbaac4\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2378138\" data-id=\"2378138\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dede11d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dede11d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Le_corps\"><\/span>The body<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-163368c elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"163368c\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-25393c9\" data-id=\"25393c9\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-897d206 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"897d206\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Depending on the length of your literature review, you can divide the body into subsections. You can use a subtitle for each theme, period or methodological approach.<\/p><p>As you write, you can follow these tips:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Summarize and synthesize:<\/strong>\u00a0provide an overview of the main points from each source and combine them into a coherent whole<\/li><li><strong>Analyze and interpret:<\/strong>\u00a0don&#039;t just paraphrase other researchers; add your own interpretations where possible, discussing the importance of the results in relation to the literature as a whole<\/li><li><strong>Critically evaluate:<\/strong>\u00a0mention the strengths and weaknesses of your sources<\/li><li><strong>Write in well-structured paragraphs:<\/strong>\u00a0use transition words and topic sentences to make connections, compare and contrast<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b07e41b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b07e41b\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-432cf22\" data-id=\"432cf22\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e9b364 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6e9b364\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Exemple_de_construction_detat_de_lart\"><\/span>Example of state-of-the-art construction<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e4355e elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e4355e\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-80c1363\" data-id=\"80c1363\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c34aa29 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c34aa29\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Here is an example in English of the construction of a state of the art.<\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-226 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art1.png\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art papier scientifique\" width=\"719\" height=\"104\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art1.png 719w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art1-300x43.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 719px) 100vw, 719px\" \/><\/p><p><img decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-227 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art2.png\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art papier scientifique\" width=\"741\" height=\"152\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art2.png 741w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art2-300x62.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 741px) 100vw, 741px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-228 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art3.png\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art papier scientifique\" width=\"722\" height=\"235\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art3.png 722w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art3-300x98.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 722px) 100vw, 722px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-229 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art4.png\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art papier scientifique\" width=\"746\" height=\"364\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art4.png 746w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art4-300x146.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 746px) 100vw, 746px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-230 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art5.png\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art papier scientifique\" width=\"751\" height=\"351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art5.png 751w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art5-300x140.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 751px) 100vw, 751px\" \/><\/p><p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"alignnone wp-image-231 size-full\" src=\"http:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art6.png\" alt=\"\u00e9tat de l'art papier scientifique\" width=\"734\" height=\"295\" srcset=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art6.png 734w, https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/art6-300x121.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 734px) 100vw, 734px\" \/><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d91e90f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d91e90f\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-e72e340\" data-id=\"e72e340\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ea007a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9ea007a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\"><span class=\"ez-toc-section\" id=\"Conclure_votre_etat_de_lart\"><\/span>Conclude your state of the art<span class=\"ez-toc-section-end\"><\/span><\/h2>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-773e8f5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"773e8f5\" data-element_type=\"section\" data-e-type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7b5f869\" data-id=\"7b5f869\" data-element_type=\"column\" data-e-type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e41dac8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e41dac8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-e-type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/cours-de-methodologie\/parfaire-la-conclusion\/\">conclusion<\/a>, you should summarize the main findings you have drawn from the literature and emphasize their importance.<\/p><p><b>Review of thesis literature<\/b><\/p><p>If the literature review is part of your thesis or dissertation, show how your research fills gaps and contributes new knowledge, or explain how you drew on existing theories and methods to build a framework for your research .<\/p><p><b>Literature review of an article<\/b><\/p><p>If you are writing a stand-alone article, you can discuss the overall implications of the literature or make suggestions for future research based on the gaps you have identified.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Home Data Science After understanding your problem, issuing your research proposal, and designing your conceptual and mental maps, it\u2026 <\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":47,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"elementor_header_footer","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-220","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=220"}],"version-history":[{"count":10,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":710,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/220\/revisions\/710"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/47"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/guillaume-guerard.com\/en\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=220"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}